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Properties of Polyelectrolytes

Polyelectrolytes are polymers with dissociating teams in their repeat units. They are often divided into polycations and polyanions and polysalts. Like unusual electrolytes (acids, bases and salts), they dissociate in aqueous options (water) and bear one or more fees relying on the pH value. Thus, the properties of polyelectrolytes are just like each electrolytes and polymers. The salts, i.e. the products of a polyacids (polyanions) with a monomeric base and vice versa are called polysalts. Like common salts, their solutions are electrically conductive and like polymers, their viscosity strongly depends on the molecular weight and polymer concentration.

The three commonest anionic groups are carboxylate (–COO-), phosphonate (–PO3H-, –PO32-), and sulfonate (–SO3-) and the most common cationic groups are main, secondary and quaternary ammonium (–NH3+, =NH2+ & ≡N+). The type of ionic group, its counter ion and the structure of the repeat unit determine the properties of a polyelectrolyte corresponding to solubility in water and different polar and hydrogen-bonding liquids (alcohols etc.), electrical conductivity, and answer viscosity. Unlike nonionic polymers, these properties strongly rely on the pH and salt content.

Polyelectrolytes may be chemically crosslinked by incorporating a small quantity of a suitable crosslinking agent. These polyelectrolytes kind three-dimensional structures that swell in water slightly than dissolving in it. They'll retain (extraordinarily) large amounts of liquid relative to their own mass by way of hydrogen bonding with water molecules. They are called hydrogels or superabsorbent polymers (SAP’s) when (slightly) cross-linked. Their ability to soak up water is a factor of the ionic focus of the aqueous solution. In deionized and distilled water, SAPs might take up water up to 500 occasions their own weight and from 30 to 60 occasions their own volume, that's, a hydrogel can consist of more than ninety nine% liquid. The total absorbency and swelling capacity of SAP’s is managed by the type and amount of crosslinks within the structure.

Each natural and artificial polyelectrolytes are manufactured on a large scale. Common natural polyelectrolytes are pectin (polygalacturonic acid), alginate (alginic acid), automotiveboxymethyl cellulose and polypeptides. Examples of widespread artificial polyelectrolytes are polyacrylic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, polyallylamine, automobileboxymethyl cellulose and their salts. A few of these polyelectrolytes are depicted beneath:

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